Explain how you can promote inclusion Essay

I teach on a one to one basis but if i was working in a classroom environment I would promote inclusion in the classroom by using various methods. These include Partnering different abilities of learners so they can learn from each other and all have a chance to get to know each other/work with each other. Asking different members of the classroom to give their opinions so all have the opportunity to contribute. Forming groups and varying the learners chosen to form these groups. Asking learners to be respectful of each others opinions and respecting when another member of the class or the teacher are speaking and not interrupting Encouraging open discussion and incorporating everyone into the discussions. Whether I am teaching in a group environment or one to one I would promote inclusion by using language that doesn’t discriminate, resources that reflects diversity and ensuring that I always remember that all students are different and I need to adapt to meet the need of each learner. It is also important to give the students the opportunity to give feedback on my teaching methods and content, thereby making them feel empowered within their learning environment. All learners will bring different skills and experiences with them to enhance the learning environment. Completing an individual learning plan for all learners makes it possible to adjust the course content to suit the individual learner. Implementing equality and diversity in the learning environment creates a happy and rewarding learning experience where learners will complete their learning with the confidence and qualifications to proceed further into life, work or education. Where required, a referral for internal or external help and support may be necessary.

Developmental History Case Study Essay

Child’s Name: Rita G.Lapid Date of Interview: November 7 2007 Date of Birth: June, 20 2003 Age of child: 4 Address: 136 Bellemont St. Greenville, Manila Phone: n/a (private purposes) School: New Jerusalem School (NJS) Grade: Pre-school, Kinder-1 Teacher: Female, Mrs. Rosia Lewer Referral Information: Why are you seeking help for this child? She has delayed language development. Who referred you to our services? NJS School Pediatrician, Ms. Emelita Zobel What kind of services are you seeking? I am seeking psychological consultation for my daughter about her delayed speech problem. PRIMARY CAREGIVER/PARENT INFORMATION Father Name: Rino S. Lapid Address (if different from mother): 136 Bellemont St. Greenville, Manila Phone: n/a Employment: Civil Engineer Length of Employment: 10 years Occupation: Engineer Highest Grade Level: College Degree, MA, PhD Stepfather: n/a Primary Language: Tagalog Secondary Language: English Mother Name: Magdalene G. Lapid Address: 136 Bellemont St. Greenville, Manila Phone: n/a Employment: none Length of Employment: n/a Occupation: Housewife Highest Grade Level: College Degree Stepmother: n/a Primary Language: Tagalog Secondary Language: English Primary Caregiver With what adults does this child live? The child resides together with her parents How long in the current living situation? The child has started this state since birth. Name of Caregiver: Magdalene G. Lapid Relationship to Child: Mother Address:136 Bellemont St. Greenville, Manila Age: 31 Home Phone: n/a Work Phone: n/a Occupation: Housewife Employer: n/a How long with present employer: n/a Highest grade Completed: College degree Primary Language: Tagalog Secondary Language: English FAMILY HISTORY Please list all brothers and sisters, and any other children living with the family Age Sex Relationship to this child living at home? Rita G. Lapid ———–Female—————–4 yrs old——————- Only child CHILD CARE If primary caregiver works outside the home, please provide the following information. Who cares for this child when caregivers are gone? The caregiver is basically the child’s mother who is a housewife. If in case the mother is gone, the father or the housemaid takes care of the child. How many hours per day is this child in a child-care setting? 5 hours per day, 4 days a week How many different people care for this child? Usually the mother takes care of the child; however, if the mother is not available, the father or housemaid assumes the role. PREGNANCY Planned pregnancy? Yes Pregnancy under doctor’s care: Yes Number of previous miscarriages: n/a Check any of the following complications that occurred during the pregnancy ______Difficulty in conception ______Toxemia _______ Abnormal weight gain ______Measles Check Excessive vomiting _______German measles Check Excessive swelling Check Emotional problems Check Vaginal bleeding ______Flu ________Anemia Check High blood pressure Rh-incompatibility: n/a Maternal injury: Describe: n/a Hospitalization during pregnancy: Reason: For consultations and routine check-up purposes X-rays during pregnancy: n/a Medications used during pregnancy: n/a Alcohol used during pregnancy: no Cigarettes during pregnancy: no Other drugs used during pregnancy: n/a Paracetamol——————————–500mg————————- As needed BIRTH At this child’s birth, what was the mother’s age? 27 yrs old Fathers Age?28 yrs old Mother’s age at birth of FIRST child? 27 yrs old Was this child born in the hospital? Yes If No, where? n/a Length of pregnancy: 9 months and 5 days Birth Weight: not remembered by mother Length of Labor: n/a Apgar Score: n/a Child’s condition at birth: normal and stable Mother’s condition at birth: normal and stable Check any of the following complications that occurred during birth: ______Forceps used ______Breech Birth ______Labor Induced Check Caesarean Delivery Other Delivery Complications: n/a Incubator: No How long? n/a Jaundiced: No Bilirubin Lights? No If Yes, How Long? n/a Breathing Problems right after birth: n/a Supplemental Oxygen: No If yes, how long? n/a Was anesthesia used during delivery? Yes If yes, what kind? n/a DEVELOPMENT At what age did this child first do the following? Please indicate year/month of age. Turn Over: 4 mos. Walk down Stairs: 1- 1 and 5 mos. yr. old Sit Alone: not observed Show interest in or attraction to sound: not observed Crawl: 9 months Understand first words: 2 yrs old Sand Alone: 2 yrs old Speak first words: 3 yrs old, (da-da, ma-ma) Walk Alone: 2 yrs old Speak in sentences: n/a Walk up Stairs: 2 yrs old Was this child breast-fed? No When weaned? n/a Was this child bottle-fed? Yes When weaned? n/a When was this child toilet trained? 2 yrs old Days: vary Nights: vary Did bed wetting occur after toilet training? Yes If yes, until what age? 3 yrs. old Did bed-soling occur after toilet training? No Has this child experienced any of the following problems? If yes, please describe. Walking difficulty: No Unclear Speech: Yes My daughter’s speech is somewhat delayed. She only speaks the words ma-ma or da-da, but she still cannot forms any phrase.   In addition, she started speaking these words very late. Sleep Problem: No Feeding Problem: No Underweight Problem: No Eating Problem: No Overweight Problem: No Colic: No Difficulty learning to Ride a Bike: Yes My daughter is having a hard time riding her bicycle. She seems to play with it but not like any other kids. She just stairs on it, touches it and every time we place her on the bike, she gets disappointed. It is a bit weird to have a behavior like that. Difficulty Learning to Skip: Yes I have not seen her skipping ever since. I don’t know why. She only plays with her dolls and seems to be introvert in terms of her behavior. Difficulty Learning to Throw and Catch: Yes She does not play throw and catch. If a ball for example is thrown to her, she just looks at it and dodges it. During this child’s first four (4) years, were any special problems noted in the following areas? If yes, please describe. Eating: No Motor skills: Yes She moves less frequently and does not show any active participation in school, other children or even inside the house. She just plays with her dolls, which seems to be her only world. Sleeping too much: No Temper tantrums: No Excessive crying: No Sleeping too little: No Failure to thrive: No Separating from parents: No Which hand does this child used for writing or drawing? Right Eating? Right Has this child been forced to change writing hand? No MEDICAL HISTORY Childhood Illnesses/Injuries Please check the illnesses this child has had and indicate age, year and month Measles: No  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rheumatic fever: No German measles: No Diphtheria: No Mumps: No Meningitis: No Chicken pox: No Encephalitis: No Tuberculosis: No Anemia: No Whooping Cough: No Fever above 1040: No Scarlet Fever: No Broken bone: No Head injury: No Sustained high fever: No Coma or any loss of consciousness: No Illness/Operations Has this child ever been on any medication for six months or more? No Please indicate whether this child currently has any of the following problems. Respiratory Cardiovascular Gastrointestinal ______Frequent colds  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­_______Shortness of breath _______Excessive vomiting ____Chronic cough ___Dizziness with physical exertion _____Frequent diarrhea ________Asthma ________Activity limited due to heart _______Constipation ______ Hay fever ________Condition ______Stomach pain ______Sinus condition ______Heart murmur Genitourinary Musculosketetal Neurological Check Urination in pants/bed _______Muscle pain ______Seizures/convulsions ______Pain while urinating ________Clumsy walk Check Speech defects ______ Excessive urination Check Poor posture _______Bites nails ______Strong odor to urine _______ Other muscle problems _____Sucks thumb ______Tics/twitches______ Bangs head Check Rocks back and forth Allergies Skin ________Allergy to medicine 0Frequent rashes ________Allergy to Food 0Bruises easily ________Bowel movements in other allergies _____ Sores _____ Pants/bed _____Severe acne _____ Itchy skin (Eczema) Speech Hearing Vision ______Stuttering ______ Ear infections ______ Vision problems Check Unclear speech ______ Hearing problems ______ Glasses/contacts Delayed speech Other speech problems _______Ear tubes Date of most recent speech exam: August 20, 2007 Date of most recent hearing exam: n/a Date of most recent vision exam: n/a MEDICAL CARE Child’s Physician: Emilta Zobel How often does child see doctor? My daughter is having her check-up twice every 6 months since last year. Is this child currently on medication? No Has this child ever been physically or sexually abused or neglected? No Has this child ever had psychological counseling or therapy? No Has this child ever had a neurological exam? No Has this child ever had a psychological or psychiatric exam? No Developmental Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Starting out with the brief background, the client is the only child of the couple with one housemaid living together in the capital city of Manila. The child, having the primary concern of language development delays, has been recommended by the school pediatrician for a psychological consultation. The primary breadwinner of the family is the father who is actually a civil engineer, while the mother resides solely in the house as the housewife. The care of the child is distributed among the three individuals in the house; however, the primary care is given by the mother herself. The child is studying in a private school, NJS, in a kinder-1 preschool level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the initial statement mentioned by the mother, the child is said to be having delayed speech problem; however, other fields of child development are normal in the case of the child. Upon assessment of care delivery, it has been concluded that the child receives specific parental attention of the mother in the child’s earliest years. The care of the child is subjected to three important personas with housemaid as the last option of care facilitator. In such case, we can conclude that the care needed by the child is adequately provided by appropriate significant individuals. There have been no conception anomalies noted in the assessment phase; hence, clinical or congenital contributors are most likely negative in terms of child condition effect. However, the mother has had excessive swelling, emotional problems due to personal reasons, slight vaginal bleeding noted and occurrence of high blood pressure. Some of these signs and symptoms are most commonly associated with pre-eclamptic effect (Erickson, 2005 p.23), although the mother has not indicated any possible diagnosis of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language development can be affected by drug intake during period of pregnancy especially during times of critical brain development particularly during the 1st quarter of the pregnancy (Johnson & Eviritt, 2000 p.216); however, the only medicine that has been noted is Paracetamol, which apparently is not anymore significant since the intake is only during times of fever. In addition, the pregnancy has not suffered any significant medical difficulties aside from the following mentioned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyzing now the developmental features of the child, the speech developmental delays are the evident features of the child. The child has spoken her first words at the age of 3 yrs old, which is supposed to be less than one year old. Moreover, the child has not spoken any complete phrase, but only baby-talk words, da-da or ma-ma. The mother mentioned that the child speaks less frequently, which is contrary to the normal language development of a child that is, supposedly, speaking more than 2000 words at the age of one (Philipps & Guilherme, 2004 p.12). During the assessment of the cues that might participate in the relationship of such effect, other behavioral alterations are observed. The child manifests inappropriate introvert behaviors that are usually found in some delayed psychological and/ or mental impaired condition. The child is having difficulties riding bicycle as well as skipping; however, the problem, basically, is not due to motor impairments but rather due to substantial cognitive and psychological in the essence. Other associated problems are not evident in the child, especially physical in origin. Another manifesting deviation on the child’s behavior is primarily related on her social character. The child enters school with other kids; however, as stated by the mother, the child possesses an isolative behavior that tends to remove her attention towards mingling with other kinds. Instead, the child focuses imaginative play in an object, particularly her doll. If we analyzed the given statement in terms of part records, the child has never had any negative experiences in the past, such as trauma, rape or accident, which may have caused this certain behavior. The client has never had any physical impairment or a disease that may have contributes to this psychological manifestations. Moreover, the child is not into medication, treatment procedures or psychological supervision that aims to take hold of the situation. In fact, this is the first time that the child is having her psychological assessment; however, she has had initial check-ups that resulted to referral for psychological examination. In addition to the client’s assessment, she also possesses poor postural features noted on her back, and urination in bed, although this has been alleviated just recently through trainings. Moreover, the client has manifested enigmatic behavior such as rocking back and forth with less perception on her environment. Discussing now possible disorder pathology, the case of the patient has wide range of possibilities in terms of disorder development. The following two conditions are the closest; however, still requires further validation and assessment of the client features. The first is the possibility of Asperser’s Syndrome progression, which is primarily evident due to her poor social capacity, delayed language progression and imaginative play with enigmatic behavioral flaws. Second, is language development delay, which involves the primary concern of the patient that is speech delay. In the analysis of possible Asperger’s syndrome development, the patient involves the primary signs of the condition such as the impairments in language, social participations and imaginative play. However, the only validated impairment is the speech delay. Other impairments are resulted by the parental observation, which apparently, still requires further assessment on the child. The child may exhibit these behaviors as due to situational causation, which happens to be unfamiliar with the parents, or a behavioral altering family situation that displaces the normal behavior of the child. This may be difficult to diagnose as of now since, the case of the child does not support the major and specific behaviors associated with the condition. Although if the child progresses in this type of developmental pattern, she may acquire maladaptive behavior such as introversion, social self-degradation, self-infliction, and worst of all, further progression towards Asperger’s condition. In terms of language development delay, the child maybe be evidently having such developmental deficit; however, other symptoms are contradicting the statement, since behavioral isolation is not present if the case is solely language development problem. However, the possibility is still there that the child is just experiencing this development lag, and with further trainings, can help improve language development. The following implications are based on critical interpretation and analysis of the gathered data from the psychological assessment history taking. It does not, however, conclude that the client possess the featured conditions. Although, this are the possibilities that may incur to the child if behavioral patterns progress. References Erickson, T. (2005). Pediatric Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Poisoned Child. McGraw-Hill Professional. Johnson, M., & Eviritt, M. J. (2000). Essentials in Reproduction. Blackwell Publishing. Philipps, A. M., & Guilherme, M. (2004). Critical Pedagogy: Political Approaches to Language and Intercultural Development. Multilingual Matters.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Letter from a Birmingham Jail - Essay Example He also supports his argument morally and politically. Morally, he believes that just laws are God’s laws while unjust laws ruin God’s law. Politically, he believes that just laws are not applied to everyone while unjust laws are applied which is unfair. In both arguments, King defined segregation as an unjust law. â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.† This is how King expresses his anger and disappointment. He wanted the Black Americans to stand up for their rights, to speak for their rights, equality, and harsh treatment. He criticizes the perception White people have about his thoughts and actions, how his peaceful non-violent movement becomes a violent movement according to them. King seems to throw light on the fact that most of the times the silence of good people leads to one’s repenting in future because if one might not speak for his/her own rights then no one is going to notice their grief and their emotions, He says ‘We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people†. This quote also seems to highlight the present conditions of King’s times when he got arrested for his parade without a permit during his non- violent protests against ‘unjust’ laws. He seems to be in favor of standing up for oneself and speaking for one’s rights. The quote also highlights the fact that if a person is silent and bears every ‘unjust’ act then it is the fault of the silence of those people that they allow such people to do injustice to them.

Industrial relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industrial relations - Assignment Example Therefore it is essential for employers to maintain good relationships with workers and vice versa in order to collectively reach towards productivity and goals of the organization. Concept of industrial relations: Generally the term industrial relation comprises of two words; Industry and relations. The word industry has a general understanding of any work or activity by which an individual or group of individuals are engaged in order to give productivity. Moreover the word relation means the way in which two or more concepts, objects or people are connected. Or in other words relationships that usually happen or exist within the organization amongst employer and employees. Industrial relations system: Industrial relations system generally is a system, which has the complete range of relationships between managers and employees. This also includes management of the relations in terms of conflicts and cooperation. Moreover industrial relations system is considered to be in the ideal state if relations amongst management and employees are carried out considering mutual coordination, cooperation and harmony rather than carrying out conflicts, disputes and lack of sharing. Furthermore it provides or creates an ambiance which one way or other promotes economic efficiency, productivity and growth of the worker and in return receives loyalty of employee as a result mutual trust can be obtained. Keeping in view that the role of state is also involved in it (Godard and Delaney, 2000). Participants in industrial relations system: There are three main actors or participants in an industrial relations system which are directly involved in the system these are (Heery and Frege, 2006): government employees employers Government: The rules, regulations and legislations regarding industrial relations are usually made by government in most parts of the world. Though organizations tend to follow their own rules and regulations regarding hiring, firing and working conditions but overall standardization of rules are to be set by government and all organization are bound to follow those rules and regulations (Heery and Frege, 2006). Employees: Generally workers are the backbone of the industry and these workers are always willing to improve their conditions in terms of employment. If something is not working for them they always try to raise their voices in order to convince management about some particular issue. Moreover in some cases workers are willing to share decision making power in terms of management. Usually they tend to be united and form a union whose purpose is to raise their voices and issues and discuss this with management in order to find solution (Heery and Frege, 2006). Employer: Employers or bosses are the whole and sole of the company and are mainly responsible for hiring and firing of employees and choosing person for jobs. These bosses are usually strategic apex of the organization that in most cases have different managers working for them in order to run organization (Heery and Frege, 2006). Given below is the figure for better understanding of industrial relations process: Scope of industrial relations: Industrial relations can be classified in terms of employee and employer relationship that usually come from day to day operations however if we consider industrial relations in a broader spectrum it is the relations amongst employer and employee in order to carry out working of the industry to gain productivity. It may spread over the areas of marketing, quality control, price fixation and disposition of profits amongst others.

Companys IT & Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Companys IT & Competitive Advantage - Essay Example The organizations and companies are under constant pressure of competition. First this competition was just with the local industries, organizations and companies, but as the world is coming closer and closer every day and is turning into a global village, the circle of competition has grown from local platform to the global platform. Now the firm of one country tends to compete with the firms of not only their own country but also the firms of other countries of the world.The use of information technology makes it a bit easier to compete. It makes them flexible and feasible, generates better productivity and yields better outcomes. It helps them far more than expected and is thought of in earning better profits, in fact even creating new sources of profits, which might include services like online business opportunities etc described by C Kenneth Allard (2004) such thatInformation technology can help a company to be less identifiable with all other related firms and be more differen t. It in fact can make a company stand out among the other competitors and can help it make and, more importantly, leave a mark of its own in the minds of the consumers, which goes a long way to help a company in achieving and maintaining competitive advantage.This is one of the major reasons why the statistics show a constantly increasing rate of growth in the part of the expenditure made on IT and its implications. In some of the areas, IT comprises as much as 50% of total capital investments.

Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal Reserve - Essay Example The Board of Governors is appointed by the President who controls the functions of the Federal Reserve System. There are Federal Reserve Banks which operates in major cities of US. The major objectives of the Federal Reserve System are aimed at the welfare of the US economy. The Federal Reserve System in US is responsible for maximizing the employment opportunities in US, stabilizing the prices in US economy and achieving stability in long term interest rates (Wells 58). The monetary policy is designed by the Federal Reserve System of US. The other functions of the central banking system in US include regulation of the banking structure that includes the government and the private players as well as the advisory councils. The central bank also provides financial services to other depository agencies. The overall financial stability of the economy of US is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve System. Before the Federal Reserve System was set up in 1913, there were around 30000 cu rrencies in the economy of US. Many business houses and even the drug dealers could issue currency notes for financial transactions. This created a situation of instability in the economy of US. ... Apart from this, the various currencies in US had different denominations and values. The absence of a standardized currency created difference and problems among the traders. The business, imports and exports all suffered due to the presence of varying numbers of currencies and absences of standardized form of currency in the economy of US. The Federal Reserve System of the US was created to standardize the currency of the economy of US and thereby establish a position of stability in the economy (Grey 98). The Federal Reserve System provides a central banking system to the economy of US where the business and he individuals could deposit their money in the standard currency of US dollar. The depositors could also withdraw their money from the Federal Reserve System at the time of need. These withdrawals took place in the same standardized currency of US dollars. Thus the Federal Reserve System could drive away the intermediate currencies and their varying values and established a s tandardized form of currency to be followed by the customers and traders in order provide an organized monetary system and sufficiency in liquidity. The US economy invariably needs the Federal Reserve System in the economy without whose functions there would be ample distortions in the economy that would hamper the economic growth of US. This could be understood from the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System and the implication on the US financial and economic system in absence of its role. The Federal Reserve System plays the role of balancing between the centralized role of the government for the welfare of the economy and the private interests of the

Compare and Contrast Herbal medicine and Nutritional therapy Essay

Compare and Contrast Herbal medicine and Nutritional therapy - Essay Example In addition, complementary medicine incorporates alternative medicine applied for curative and therapeutic purposes, instead of the western medicine (Robson, 2003). Other important component of complementary medicine according to Robson, (2003) includes indigenous practices and medicines traditionally used for medical intervention in addition to integrative medicine, which involves using both western medicine and complementary medicine to cure diseases. In view of these dimensions, Robson (2003) argues that complementary medicine is an inclusive term, incorporating both complementary medicines and therapies. In health care, Mark and Brown (2007) note that the major concerns of complementary medicine are maintenance of health and curing diseases. Therefore, different medicines and therapies not regarded by mainstream medical practice are included in the practice. These include herbal medicine, acupuncture, reflexology, aromatherapy, nutritional therapy, hypnotherapy, massage therapy, yoga, homeopathy, osteopathy among others (Mark, & Brown, 2007). According to Blackman, et al. (2009), many health care professionals are increasingly applying both complementary and conventional medicine and therapy in their practices and this has resulted to high incidents of overlap between the two. In this regard, Fass (2001) formulated four domains of complementary medicine considering the existence of some intersections while applying medical practices. These domains include mind and body medicine, practices based on biological applications, energy medicine, and body based (manipulative) practices (Fass, 2001). Mind - body medicine in complementary medicine involves the application of diverse methods intended to improve the power of the mind to affect the functions of the body and symptoms (Damery, et al. 2009). Examples of mind-body

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman Essay

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman - Essay Example This paper makes an attempt to show the challenges that Emilie Carles was confronted with as a teacher and a woman. Her contributions are also discussed. Emilie Carles Emilie Carles was born at a time when women were considered lesser human beings. Her life was full of challenges. When she was six, she fell off a two storey building, but fortunately survived (Carles and Robert 5). The village where she lived led a harsh life. When she was just four years, her mother passed on while working in a farm after being struck by lightning (Carles and Robert 7). Her siblings also passed on. It was fortunate that death spared her. Furthermore, when she started attending school, fate seemingly sided with her temporarily and she was sponsored to continue her studies to high school. She wanted to become a teacher and later she became one. Emilie Carles was an extraordinary teacher and woman. Despite going through a troubled childhood, she was able to pick the lessons that needed to be passed on t o the next generation. Her wish to be a teacher was more because of her strong desire to teach kids to question what they were told. She believed that children were very vulnerable and needed to be told the truth because what they were told was what would shape their lives. ... She believed that the real change in the society could be realized if teachers helped the youngsters to shatter the barriers they were locked in. The people were made to believe that participation in wars was a show of patriotism when in the real sense it was only the political leaders and career soldiers who benefited while the common people heavily suffered. After being married, she lost her child to a military truck. Her pain was intense, nevertheless she even became more formidable to stand up for what was right. During World War II, her husband was on top of the list for potential hostages for German soldiers. Despite all these, she was committed to telling the truth to the youngsters in schools. Her spirit to fight against the abuses of the government on its people continued even after her retirement from teaching. She went on to fight for her community and encouraged her people to fight for their rights. At one time, she led fellow citizens to stop a freeway being constructed through the valley (her village). This freeway was not going to benefit the local community in any manner but rather destroy it (Carles and Robert 250). The contributions that Emilie Carles made to her community are immeasurable. She was a watchdog for her community all her life. She knew her people were ignorant and that the politicians took advantage of this societal ignorance. She was disgusted by the fact that politicians could repeat the same words since 1789 and the people never seemed to note the monotony (Carles and Robert 252). Definitely, she is an example of a strong willed person who went against all odds to stand up for what was right. Her strong determination saw her overcome pain and the many challenges she faced. It is worth noting that the challenges were strong given

UNIT 5 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT-STATISTICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UNIT 5 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT-STATISTICS - Essay Example To support the hypothesis it was developed an ANOVA test. The results show that there is statistical evidence to support that the average overall job satisfaction of the female employees is equal to the males, with a significance level of 5%. Besides, the third hypothesis examined was related to if the expected observations between males and females are equal to the observed ones. The test employed to find evidence was Chi-square test. According to results, there is statistical evidence to support that the expected observations of gender is different from the observed ones, with a significance level of 5%. Finally, the last hypothesis tested was about if the expected observations among employees of human resource department and Information Technology department and administration department are equal to the observed ones. In the same line of hypothesis three, the test used was Chi-square. The results show that there is statistical evidence to support that the expected observations of employees’ department is different from the observed ones, with a significance level of 5%. There were taken into account one study in the literature review. The research analyzes and empirically tests the factors which influence in the job satisfaction. According the research of Bajpai and Srivastava (2004) job satisfaction is an evaluation and represents the belief and feelings about one’s job. The favorable evaluation of satisfied employees is based on their observations and emotional experience. The feeling aspect is stated as being a function of perceived relationship between all that one wants from his job/life and that entire one perceives as offering or entailing. Another view conveyed in their research is that job satisfaction is a collection of attitudes about specific facets of the job. The study found that the amount that one is paid is not as influential to job satisfaction as perceived

The Lithostratigraphic Framework of the Hertfordshire County of Essay

The Lithostratigraphic Framework of the Hertfordshire County of England - Essay Example The Hertfordshire County of England has a young history geologically. The lithology of this area is largely composed of Quaternary and Tertiary deposits, with some glacial movement effects at its northern reaches.   With the sandy conditions of the shores on its eastern side, you might say Hertfordshire is between a small rock and a big hard place. Formations, a principal mapping unit (enquire.com 2006), will be briefly described as to their importance in this report. The status of current ground conditions will also be presented as they affect the analysis of the area. Then geohazards, or expected/probable problems, will be considered. The objective of this report is to provide information that subsequent investigations could use. As in other Home Counties, Hertfordshire shares a common pattern of development from the 17th century, except for its construction of the New River in the Lea Valley that supplies London with water. The majority of settlements built in the times of the N ormans were in the northeast. The Abbey of St. Albans, a major landowner, influenced land management strongly, including the formation of hunting parks, which Hertfordshire has had in abundance. Agriculture displaced many of these parks, and then they were wooded again. A boom in the 16th century of the country-house building came after lands were confiscated by the Crown. The number of palaces from the 1700's were many because of the "rich soil and wholesome air" that attracted wealthy people. (enquire.com 2006) Other building came along the river valleys, slowly. But the industry of malting and brewing in the late 19th century created an era of strong development. The decades since the mid-1900's has seen major changes in the landscape of Hertfordshire.  Ã‚  The development of Portland cement in the early 1900's, that uses gravel deposits in its composition, brought about quarries and industry related to it (HGS 2005). Quarries have also been necessary for researching the strata of the land.  Modern construction has been largely in the south/southwest part of the county. This report, focusing on Stevenage and Ware, is for development purposes in the northern sections of the county.  Near Ashwell is the Steeple Morden Plantation Quarry that allows geologists to see the layers of rock. In trenches cut into the quarry, the color contrasts between Melbourn Rock and the soft chalk is obvious. The gray Plenus Marls and Melbourn Rock that were once thought to be the base of the Middle Chalk (HGS 2005) is now considered the marker horizon while shelly detrital rock is above that and smooth chalk above that. The eight beds of the Plenus Marls can be traced to the Paris Basin and used as a marker horizon across Europe, "indicating a change in anoxic conditions" (HGS 2005).There is a lack of clay-with-flints this quarry. Quarry section showing chalky outwash gravel of Anglian age overlying river gravel of proto-Thames (photo by John Carr) (RIGS 2003) The formations and types of sediments in Hertfordshire will be discussed as they pertain to development, and also as they pertain to restrictions of use (RIGS 2003). Besides the geohazards possible in any construction site, there are also hazards to the geology of a site from construction. All this must be taken into consideration before building can begin. Former construction through the ages has not taken this into account and there has been a degeneration of soils as well as destruction to the buildings by swallow holes and other phenomenon.

Platos Contributions Essay Example for Free

Platos Contributions Essay It is believed that Plato, a student of Socrates, was one of the greatest contributors of philosophy. Proof of Platos notoriety in the world of philosophy can be clearly seen with his dialogues and his renowned student Aristotle. Plato’s writings are in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principal speaker. With his theory of Forms, he had discussed a wide range of metaphysical and ethical questions while finding inherent connections between the two. Plato also considered epistemological questions, such as whether knowledge is justified true belief. His greatest work, The Republic, developed theories of justice. Proof of a truly great philosopher can be shown by his or her students. As mentioned before, Platos Academy was a breeder of philosophers. One of the most prominent philosophers to come from the Academy was Aristotle. Plato himself took Aristotle under his wing and taught him the ways of understanding and contemplating the world around him. Plato divided his world into two aspects. These worlds have forms, the intelligible world and the perceptual world. Plato saw the perceptual world around us as imperfect copies of the intelligible forms or ideas. In the intelligible world, forms are unchangeable and perfect and only comprehensible by the use of intellect and understanding. For example, a chair is a chair because it â€Å"participates in† the Form of Chair. The forms are ideal â€Å"patterns,† unchanging, timeless, and perfect. Plato speaks of them as self-assertion: the Form of Beauty is perfectly beautiful. This led, to the Third Man Argument that there must be an infinite number of Forms. â€Å"If it’s impossible for unlike things to be like and like things unlike, isn’t it then impossible for them to be many? Because, if they were many, they would have incompatible properties† (Plato â€Å"Parmenides† 126), this is Mary Louise Gill and Paul Ryan’s translation of Plato’s Forms of Likeness and Unlikeness. Thus one and the same thing can be both like and unlike, or one and many, by participating in the Forms of Likeness and Unlikeness, of Unity and Plurality. Plato also believed that knowledge is innate, or inborn, and that the development of ideas is buried deep in the soul, and may be guided out by teachers. Plato drew a sharp distinction between knowledge, which is certain, and mere opinion. Opinions derive from the shifting world of sensation knowledge derives from the world of timeless Forms, or essences. Theaetetus stated, â€Å"It seems to me that a man who knows something perceives what he knows, and the way it appears at present, at any rate, is that knowledge is simply perception† (Cooper 168), in which Socrates agreed with that statement. In his best-known dialogue, The Republic, consisted of a lengthy dialogue on the nature of justice. Socrates identifies the four major virtues in the different aspects of this republic: the guardians possess wisdom, the auxiliaries possess courage, and the whole possesses justice and moderation. Plato believed that justice is the most important virtue. Socrates said, â€Å"Justice is minding of one’s own business and not being a busybody† (Plato â€Å"The Republic† 111). Hence, the justice of an ideal republic does not reside in any particular part of the republic but rather in the structure of the republic as a whole. While Plato is best known for his work The Republic, his larger contribution to philosophy includes many such dialogues that are of ancient thought and debate. Platos knowledge and theories have survived throughout the ages and are still relevant in todays society. He continued to teach until the end, winning the admiration and love of his students and fellow Athenians. His contributions to philosophy will be never-ending.? Works Cited Cooper, John M. , ed. Plato Complete Works. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997. Print. Plato. Parmenides. Trans. Mary Louise Gill and Paul Ryan. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 428-347 B. C. Print. . The Republic. Trans. Allan Bloom. : The Perseus Book Group, 1968. Print.

Branches of Social Sciece Essay Example for Free

Branches of Social Sciece Essay It is a branch of science that studies the customs of human society and the way in which that society functions. Of particular interest is the study of the relationships between the people hat make up that society as well as the behavior of these individuals within that society. Social Science involves any discipline or branch of science that explores the social and cultural aspects of human behavior. The disciplines of social sciences draw from a variety of fields of study and although these different areas of social sciences vary far and wide, they all aim to understand and explain human society and behavior. This study of how groups of people behave is usually done with the aim of being able to predict how they will behave in the future. The Social Science disciplines are branches of knowledge which are taught and researched at the college or university level. Social Science disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned Social Science societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. Social Science fields of study usually have several sub-disciplines or branches, and the distinguishing lines between these are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. This branch of social science covers the study of the origin of human beings. Of particular interest is the study of the nature of the social relationships between people and how they have developed. Anthropology aims to give a whole and complete explanation of human nature. Anthropology is the holistic science of man, — a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Human Biology. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been institutionally divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments. The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. The social sciences have generally attempted to develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, though usually with methods distinct from those of the natural sciences. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they always keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic and cultural aspects of any problem. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called primitive in anthropological literature, but without any connotation of inferior. Today, anthropologists use terms such as less complex societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as pastoralist or forager or horticulturalist to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs. In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological. In this branch of social science, the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services are covered. The main focus of economics lies in understanding and explaining how economies work and how factors contributing to economies interact with each other. Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. The word economics is from the Greek ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [oikos], family, household, estate, and ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [nomos], custom, law, and hence means household management or management of the state. An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a university degree in the subject. The classic brief definition of economics, set out by Lionel Robbins in 1932, is the science which studies human behavior as a relation between scarce means having alternative uses. Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no economic problem. Briefer yet is the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants and the study of the financial aspects of human behavior. Economics has two broad branches: microeconomics, where the unit of analysis is the individual agent, such as a household or firm, and macroeconomics, where the unit of analysis is an economy as a whole. Another division of the subject distinguishes positive economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from normative economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion; such orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments. Since the early part of the 20th century, economics has focused largely on measurable quantities, employing both theoretical models and empirical analysis. Quantitative models, however, can be traced as far back as the physiocratic school. Economic reasoning has been increasingly applied in recent decades to other social situations such as politics, law, psychology, history, religion, marriage and family life, and other social interactions. This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are scarce because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that economic value is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms length) transactions. Rival heterodox schools of thought, such as institutional economics, green economics, Marxist economics, and economic sociology, make other grounding assumptions. For example, Marxist economics assumes that economics primarily deals with the exchange of value, and that labor (human effort) is the source of all value. The expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. This branch of social science studies the institution of teaching in human society. Covered in this field of study are the processes by which knowledge is passed on and how specific skills are taught and learned. This process of education is examined throughout an individuals lifetime, that is from childbirth and on to old age. Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization). To educate means to draw out, from the Latin educare, or to facilitate the realization of an individuals potential and talents. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology. The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the childs development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twains admonition to never let school interfere with your education). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally. This branch of social science can be subdivided into two main sub-disciplines namely; human geography and physical geography. Human geography is mainly concerned with the built environment and the influence humans have on the spaces they occupy. Physical geography on the other hand looks into the natural environment. Of particular interest in this field is the study of how climate, vegetation life, soil, water and landforms are produced and how they interact. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation life, soil, water and landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans. Geographers attempt to understand the earth in terms of physical and spatial relationships. The first geographers focused on the science of mapmaking and finding ways to precisely project the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. Historical geography is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline, closely related to GISc, that seeks to understand humanity and its natural environment. The fields of Urban Planning, Regional Science, and Planetology are closely related to geography. Practitioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as GIS, remote sensing, aerial photography, statistics, and global positioning systems (GPS). The field of geography is generally split into two distinct branches: physical and human. Physical geography examines phenomena related to climate, oceans, soils, and the measurement of earth. Human geography focuses on fields as diverse as Cultural geography, transportation, health, military operations, and cities. Other branches of geography include Social geography, regional geography, geomatics, and environmental geography. This branch of social science covers the study of the human past. It is a field of study that uses past accounts to examine and analyze sequences of events. It also sometimes attempts to investigate in an objective manner, the patterns of cause and effect that have led to particular events taking place. History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research into past human events as interpreted through historiographical paradigms or theories, such as the Turner Thesis about the American frontier. History has a base in both the social sciences and the humanities. In the United States the National Endowment for the Humanities includes history in its definition of a Humanities (as it does for applied Linguistics). However, the National Research Council classifies History as a Social science. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The Social Science History Association, formed in 1976, brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history. This branch of social science studies the institution of the rule of law in human society and it sometimes crosses over into the humanities depending on the aspect from which it is studied. Of particular interest are its origin and the way in which a supreme power in a state commands what is â€Å"right† and prohibits what is considered â€Å"wrong.† Law in common parlance, means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. However, many laws are based on norms accepted by a community and thus have an ethical foundation. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on ones view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a system of rules,as an interpretive concept achieve justice, as an authorityto mediate peoples interests, and even as the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of historys stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word lex. In this field of study, the theory and practice of politics is examined. Also covered is the description and analysis of political systems including political behavior. Political science is the branch of social science that deals with the study of politics and analysis of its system as well as political behavior. Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. Fields and subfields of political science include political economy, political theory and philosophy, civics and comparative politics, theory of direct democracy, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, international relations, foreign policy, international law, politics, public administration, administrative behavior, public law, judicial behavior, and public policy. Political science also studies power in international relations and the theory of Great powers and Superpowers. Political science is methodologically diverse, although recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the use of the scientific method . That is the proliferation of formal-deductive model building and quantitative hypothesis testing. Approaches to the discipline include rational choice, classical political philosophy, interpretivism, structuralism, and behavioralism, realism, pluralism, and institutionalism. This branch of social science involves the study of behavior and mental processes. Of particular interest is the application of this knowledge to the treatment of mental illness. Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The word psychology comes from the ancient Greek ψυχÎ ®, psyche (soul, mind) and logy, study). Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental function and overt behavior of individuals, while the other disciplines focus on creating descriptive generalizations about the functioning of social groups or situation-specific human behavior. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology has myriad specialties including: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Mathematical psychology, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behavior to name only a few. Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clea rly distinguished as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely. In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred: B.Psy. indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, B.Sc. indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a B.A. underlines a majority of social science credits. This is not always necessarily the case however, and in many UK institutions students studying the B.Psy, B.Sc, and B.A. follow the same curriculum as outlined by The British Psychological Society and have the same options of specialism open to them regardless of whether they choose a balance, a heavy science basis, or heavy social science basis to their degree. If they applied to read the B.A. for example, but specialised in heavily science based modules, then they will still generally be awarded the B.A. Covered in this branch of social science is the study of human society and social action. Sociology is the systematic study of society and human social action. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix -ology which means study of, derived from Greek, and the stem soci- which is from the Latin word socius, meaning companion, or society in general. Sociology was originally established by Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842] and A General View of Positivism (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the Father of Sociology, the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal LAnnà ©e Sociologique. Durkheims seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. Karl Marx rejected Comtean positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becoming recognised as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the start of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognised as an amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular: Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism; Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory; Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association with pragm atism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the Chicago school developed symbolic interactionism. Meanwhile in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School establishment of cultural studies. Sociology evolved as an academic response to the challenges of modernity, such as industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and a perceived process of enveloping rationalization. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. The field generally concerns the social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, communities and institutions, and includes the examination of the organization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. In the terms of sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, social scientists seek an understanding of the Social Construction of Reality. Most sociologists work in one or more subfields. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance; and political sociology studies the interaction between society and state. Deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, and social dimensions of their contexts. Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including communication, communication studies, speech communication, rhetorical studies, communications science, media studies, communication arts, mass communication, media ecology, and communication and media science. Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science. Additional Social Science disciplines and fields of study include: †¢Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. †¢Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. †¢Behavioral science is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. †¢Demography is the statistical study of all populations. †¢Development studies a multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries. †¢Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. †¢Environmental studies integrate social, humanistic, and natural science perspectives on the relation between humans and the natural environment. †¢Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. †¢International studies covers both International relations (the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system) and International education (the comprehensive approach that intentionally prepares people to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world). †¢Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. †¢Legal management is a social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and Legal elements. †¢Library science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. †¢Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. †¢Marketing the identification of human needs and wants, defines and measures their magnitude for demand and understanding the process of consumer buying behavior to formulate products and services, pricing, promotion and distribution to satisfy these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. †¢Political economy is the study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government.

Human Error and Perceptual Control Theory

Human Error and Perceptual Control Theory Overview In this paper, I will explore and advocate the importance of both Human Error and Perceptual Control Theory for design of complex human-machine systems, enhanced user experience and better human performance and safety. Human Error Errors are the result of actions that fail to generate the intended outcomes (SKYbrary). Human operators are one of the biggest sources of errors in any complex system (Shelton, 1999). According to Sanders McCormick (1976), Human error is an inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing effectiveness, safety and performance of a system and/or human (Kurniawan). Error Types Researchers have differentiated between two types of error:1) slipsand lapses 2) mistakes. Slips and lapses According to SKYbrary, a person intends to carry out an action, the action is appropriate, carries it out incorrectly, and the desired goal is not achieved an execution failure has occurred. Execution errors result from failures in the execution and/or storage stage of an action sequence. Slips relate to observable actions and are commonly associated with attentiveness or perceptual failures. Lapses are more internal events and generally involve failures of memory (SKYbrary). Mistakes As mentioned in UKEssays.com, Mistakes occur when an intended outcome is not achieved even though there was adherence to the steps in the plan. This is usually a case in which the original plan was wrong, was followed, and resulted in an unintended outcome (UKEssays.com). Error mechanisms The following three error mechanisms are widely accepted, which correlate with human performance levels. Skill-based errors Errors of execution Occur during highly routine activities or automated tasks with occasional checks Action chosen by the operator but not in accordance with the operator’s intentions Done by highly experienced individuals due to inattention or distraction Rule-based errors Applies to familiar situations Incorrect application of a good rule, correct application of a bad rule or failure to apply a good rule Knowledge-based errors Occur in unique and unfamiliar situations Result from inadequate analysis or decision making (trial and error) Done by operators with insufficient knowledge Applications of Human error theory Human error is inevitable. However, human error mitigation strategies could be devised by understanding various error mechanisms and triggers, as depicted in the human error theory. Superior system design, better recruitment and selection of operators, training, stress and fatigue prevention measures, better equipment procedures and improved work environment can reduce error consequences and likelihood. By understanding human error, system designers can plan for likely error scenarios, and implement barriers to prevent or mitigate the occurrence of potential errors. Some approaches to build a better human machine interaction system are explained below. Identification of error environment First step in human error mitigation approach is to understand the work environment, recognize capacity of the users, identify possible loopholes n the system and be familiar with potential user error occurrence and consequences. Likelihood of an error and severity of potential harm should also be examined. For example, FDA (Food and Drug Administration) requires manufacturers to submit a failure analysis report FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) while launching any new medical device. Design solutions to address errors Error elimination First and foremost design strategy is to eliminate design features, which are sources of user errors. Design weaknesses identified during observation and task analysis should be removed or revised. Removal of excessive and irrelevant information, inclusion of validity checks and task automations are some design aspects that support error elimination approach. Additionally, carrying out periodical test runs of the system might be helpful in eliminating some of the rules based errors. Error reduction Designers should try to reduce error occurrences for features that cannot be removed completely. Building consistent designs and providing alerts, warnings, confirmations and other necessary feedback to users may prevent users to make errors of execution (skill-based errors). Consequence elimination Consequence elimination is an approach to prevent potential harm after the occurrence of error. Designers can devise features that provide information about potential harm and ways to correct the situation (e.g. undo) and/or prevent onset of side effects (e.g. automatic locking or shutdown, process delays) in order to prevent error consequences. Consequence reduction This is a last design alternative a designer can look into if above mentioned options are not feasible to incorporate. Decreasing the effect of error is helpful especially in catastrophic situations. Design of supplementary features is usually necessary to achieve this purpose. Backup and restore features, automatic reporting to stakeholders/police/medical teams and automated substitute drug delivery are some of the techniques for reducing effects of consequences. Error elimination and error reduction are often the most cost effective methods to avert user errors. Trainings Knowledge-based errors can be eliminated to some extent by providing system-oriented trainings, especially to novice users. On the other hand, a different training program could be devised for experienced users. Periodical trainings could keep experts up-to-date with latest developments in their field and assess their knowledge of system procedural checks. Essentially, this may help minimizing skill-based errors. Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a theory of human and animal behavior. It is based on the principles of control theory (Powers, 1973). As cited by Lulham (2005), at the core of PCT is the idea that many of the processes involved in how human functions are most appropriately conceptualized and modelled as dynamic control processes (Powers, 1999b). Control processes are proposed to be fundamental to many functions including those related to physiological (e.g. temperature regulation), neural (e.g. attention), motor control (e.g. driving a car), psychological (e.g. maintenance of a criminal identity) and social (e.g. staff-detainee relationship) functions (Lulham, 2005). According to Cherry Farrel (1998), PCT exploits the concept of a purpose behind the behaviour. A perception (which is a transformation of stimuli from the world) is then compared to its reference signal, and a perceptual error is generated. A person acts on the world in such a manner to minimise this error. The stabilisation of this control loop is the essence of PCT (Chery Farrell , 1998). Applications of PCT Using perceptions for building complex systems System environments are becoming increasingly complex. Traditional cause and effect methods of understanding system operations and user interactions may not work well in order to employ personalization and user experience in these complex systems. According to pctweb.org, the person compares a ‘standard’ (what they want) with what they are experiencing right now (their perception). The difference between the two – the discrepancy or error is being measured. The bigger the error the more the effort the person makes to reduce it, until the error is zero – this means they get what they want (pctweb.org). The basic premise of PCT is that human behavior is not about the behavior itself, but about reinforcing desired perception (O’Neal, 2012). Understanding and applying this concept of individually preferred perceptions through PCT will help in designing effective personal information management for complex systems and enhancing the overall user experience. User research and analysis PCT is particularly helpful in understanding users’ behaviors and motives behind their actions. Often system designers evaluate possible system states and static change in control values needed to achieve those states. Tasks are carried out on the controls to attain the new state and user is though of as a controller of these tasks. Designers use task analysis method to perform user research and concentrate on physical tasks a user performs. However, instead of system oriented or designer oriented view, PCT goes much deeper and offers user’s standpoint. PCT provides framework to realize dynamic nature of user interactions. System designers can use PCT to understand how users constantly perceive and compare system states and take dissimilar actions to reinstate appropriate system state every time. Furthermore, Powers (1973) proposed behavior as a control of perceptions. Instead of focusing on a physical activity during the task analysis, PCT suggests focusing on users’ behaviors that lead them to perform actions to achieve desired perception (system state). Thus, using the PCT framework, designers can integrate physical, cognitive and behavioral sides of a user’s interaction with the system. Moreover, PCT analysis of intentions from different user groups exposes their shared narrative, which in turn, helps in finding system requirements for hidden, absent user (O’Neal, 2012). For example, a customer service representative might use call center software while working to resolve an issue with a customer. While the customer is not a direct user of the software system, he is affected indirectly. The customer here is a hidden user. His perceptions should be analyzed to understand his requirements and objectives while developing the call center system. Empowered designs PCT offers a design framework toward the satisfaction of the users desired percepts. Human-machine system performance is enhanced when the displays and controls are designed to allow the operator to perceive and transmit information in order to minimize the perceptual error (Chery Farrell , 1998). According to PCT, when a user interacts with the system, he is constantly trying to bring equilibrium, changing his perception to the reference point, which is his new perception. Keeping this in mind, a designer should build the system that transforms from an old state to the new state seamlessly, provides estimate of gap between old and new state, furnish necessary feedback to keep the user aware of the environment variables and helps the user to manage disturbances. These functionalities will help users to gain accurate information regarding their perceptions, empower them to undertake correct amount of action to reach to new perception, ultimately helping them achieve self-regulation and stability. For example, the windshield of the car let the user scan his environment and gather information necessary to their perception, the car dashboard continuously displays speed and other important elements to help user assess different system states, and the gear stick helps user achieve n ew state from the old one smoothly. Other features like wiper, headlights, turn signals etc. facilitate users to manage disturbances as much as possible. Thus, human-machine designs should be compatible with user’s interpretations of information in order to improve their decision making process and overall system performance. Conclusion Both human error and PCT frameworks are valuable in building complex system designs to facilitate information management, enhance security and improve both system and human performance. By understanding fundamentals of human errors, designers can build a system that is more usable, provides meaningful feedbacks and include training, procedural checks and incentive programs. However, according to Shelton (1999), there is a trade-off between making the HCI relatively easy and intuitive and ensuring that system safety is not compromised by lulling the operator into a state of complacency. In PCT, the error is continuously measured to achieve equilibrium. Per Lulham (2005), those involved in developing the theory believe PCT has significant potential to change the way human functioning is understood. However, further research is required for advancement of PCT framework. References Component-based usability testing. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-Based_Usability_Testing Embrey, D. Understanding Human Behaviour and Error. Human Reliability Associates. Latino, R. J. (2007, Nov). Defining and reducing human error. Briefings Page on Patient Safety . O’Neal, A. (2012, July). Intention-Focused Design: Applying Perceptual Control Theory to Discover User Intent. Retrieved 2013, from UXmatters.com: http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2012/07/intention-focused-design-applying-perceptual-control-theory-to-discover-user-intent.php PCTweb. (n.d.). What is PCT? Retrieved from PCTweb: http://www.pctweb.org/whatis/whatispct_03.html Powers, W. T. (n.d.). A brief introduction to Perceptual Control Theory . Retrieved from Frontier: http://www.frontier.net/~powers_w/whatpct.html Shelton, C. P. Human Interface/Human Error. Carnegie Mellon University. SKYbrary. (n.d.). Human Error Types. Retrieved from SKYbrary: http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Human_Error_Types 1 Lajja Mehta

Truth And Lies About The Computer Virus :: essays research papers

Truth and Lies About the Computer Virus Walk into any computer store today and there will be at least twenty or thirty computer virus programs. From the looks of it computer viruses have gotten out of hand and so has the business of stopping it. The computer user must cut through the media hype of apocoliptic viruses and shareware programs and discover the real facts. Before we even start the journey of exploring the computer virus we must first eliminate all the "fluff." The computer user needs to understand how information about viruses reaches the public. Someone creates the virus and then infects at least one computer. The virus crashes or ruins the infected computer. A anti-virus company obtains a copy of the virus and studies it. The anti-virus company makes an "unbiased" decision about the virus and then disclose their findings to the public. The problem with the current system is that there are no checks and balances. If the anti-virus company wants to make viruses seem worse all they have to do is distort the truth. There is no organization that certifies wheather or not a virus is real. Even more potentially harmful is that the anti-virus companies could write viruses in order to sell their programs. Software companies have and do distort the truth about viruses. "Antivirus firms tend to count even the most insignificant variations of viruses for advertising purposes. When the Marijuana virus first appeared, for example, it contained the word "legalise," but a miscreant later modified it to read "legalize." Any program which detects the original virus can detect the version with one letter changed -- but antivirus companies often count them as "two" viruses. These obscure differentiations quickly add up." http://www.kumite.com/myths/myth005.htm Incidentally the Marijuana virus is also called the "Stoned" virus there by making it yet another on the list of viruses that companies protect your computer against. I went to the McAfee Anti-virus Web site looking for information on the Marijuana virus but was unable to obtain that information. I was however able to get a copy of the top ten viruses of their site. On specific virus called Junkie: "Junkie is a multi-partite, memory resident, encrypting virus. Junkie specifically targets .COM files, the DOS boot sector on floppy diskettes and the Master Boot Record (MBR). When initial infection is in the form of a file infecting virus, Junkie infects the MBR or floppy boot sector, disables VSafe (an anti-virus terminate-and-stay-resident program (TSR), which is included with MS-DOS 6.X) and loads itself at Side 0, Cylinder 0, Sectors 4 and 5. The virus does not become memory resident, or infect files at this time.

leagalize the green :: essays research papers

Seth Ingram   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wide ranging and imposing site of Dover Castle in Kent, England has been used in various forms as a defensive stronghold for over two thousand years (Microart ). Many years before the Normans ever arrived in 1066 to make the Dover castle we see today, this high land above the English Channel was the location of an Iron Age hill fort, which set the mold for the fortifications still visible today (Microart ). The Dover Castle at Kent has undergone many additions and reconstructions over its years, such as the great grandson of William the Conqueror, Henry II’s expansion in 1170 (Castles of Wales Web Site, www.castlewales.com). It is the best castle ever built, and its use extended into the 1940’s when it played still big roll in WWII. Dover has evolved much over it years, and its strategically positioned to be right in all of the action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most all buildings are created to serve a single purpose, a bank, a hotel, a factory, a school, ect. A castle however does not meet this mold, it can be many things a military base, a seat of government, a court and a stronghold for the surrounding region, in certain cases it filled all of these roles at once. However, a castle was generally the private residence of its owner. Castle were a product of the period, they were built in a time period that was not safe, but a castle offered some safety. It is important to note that very few of the many castles ever built assume the forms of castles that we see today. It should also be made to realize that generally castle life was quiet and peaceful. Most castles were owned by the nobility and the lives lived in them were not as portrayed in movies. As the close of the medieval period comes to pass, and stability seems to become a more constant factor, many castles lay more stress on the comforts of life, rather than th e defense of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today’s castles first came to England in 1066 with William the Conqueror. Castles were the means by which he was able to conqueror England so successfully. By putting up these castles he was able to suppress any type of uprising that might occur. These first Norman castles were hurriedly put up to secure their foot hold in England, so as you can imagine they are not quite as glamorous as the giant heaping stone structures we see today.

Politics, Propaganda, and Hate Essay -- What is Politics?

Politics, Propaganda, and Hate Propaganda is very important issue in our society. The word "propaganda" however, has a very negative connotation. This may happen because people tend to associate it with "the enormous campaigns that were waged by Hitler and Stalin,' (Delwiche 2002). Now propaganda has a different face. It may not be as obvious as but it is used regurlarly by politicians, companies and others who are interested in influencing our behaviour. "Propaganda is the control of opinion by significant symbols influence", (Laswell, as cited in Chadwick). There are seven types of propaganda devices. These have been categorized into a few groups by the Institute of Propaganda Analysis (IPA): Name Calling, Glittering Generality, Transfer, Testimonial, Plain folks, Card stacking and Bandwagon. Using these devices, propaganda can be successful (serve it's objective). "The work of the propaganda (is to influence) large scale and "group conscious, (" it is not directed at individuals. It is directed through many media which can include "leaflets, posters, TV broadcasts or radio broadcasts," (Wikipedia). Verbal statements are the most common way propaganda occurs. It often involves the distortion or manipulation of facts but not always. Propaganda isn't only spread through words, often actions, gestures of even image manipulation can be the cause. It involves anything that may provide an affected version of the truth, even stereotypes. Propaganda can employs prejudice to perpetuate stereotypes and those stereotypes have a direct effect on the propaganda. This turns into a endless cycle. Hatred is the cause for extreme cases of propaganda. These prejudices create stereotypes that then become common belief. "Two thousand... ...prejudices that a society harbours cause the hate and propaganda. This causes the prejudices to be reconfirmed and further developed into stereotypes. Now the cycle begins again. Bibliography Chadwick, W. Public Relations and Propaganda. Online at: , consulted on 03/25/04. Delwich, A (2002). Propaganda - Anti American propaganda from Afghanistan. Online at: , consulted on 03/20/04. Delwich, A (2002). Propaganda - Why think about propaganda?. Online at: . Mustafa, N (2004). "Please, No Phone Calls". Time: Special report, V. 163, No. 13, p. 9. Wikipedia encyclopedia (2004). Online at: , consulted on: 03/29/04.

India Country Essay

Below is a free essay on â€Å"India† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. 1.What is the climate for doing business in India? Is it supportive of foreign investment? oThe climate for doing business in India is continuously evolving. Today, the Indian economy is characterized by a liberalized foreign investment and trade policy, the extensive role played by the private sector and deregulation. India is extremely supportive of foreign investment and in fact in recent years, the government has been relaxing its bureaucratic rules particularly those relating to foreign investments. 2.How important is a highly educated human resource pool for MNCs wanting to invest in India? Is it more important for some businesses more than for others? oIt’s very important for MNCs wanting to invest in India to have a highly educated human resource pool because it is very important for them to understand what they are getting into (specifically language & cultural barriers) and for them to adapt to the changes that come along with the corporation investing internationally. It’s evident that as India continues to grow and evolve so will the demand for well educated people. The more successful and competitive India becomes, the more critical human resource management will be. Luckily, companies are beginning to see that an investment in human resource processes & outsourcing services that can help make the successful is a good way to gain competitive advantage for their organizations future. It is more important for some businesses than for others depending on the industry they are in and the level of technology they use. Some MNCs use advanced technology to help them communicate, produce, and deliver their goods and services internationally which has ultimately led to some experts predicting that in the future, technology has the potential to displace employees in all industries. 3.Given the low per capita income of the country, why would you still argue for India to be an excellent place to do business in the coming years? oI will still argue†¦

“Trash” by Andy Mulligan Essay

git, is a sm both al unitary clever male child who really does live up to his name. He is fast only sneaky, dirty but charming and is golden. Rat is always getting things from the mission school as he appears to be sweet and useless. He saves the cash that he is giving so, surprisingly is one of the riches people on the dump.Quotes approximately/by RatRat is a boy- three or four years younger than me. His real name is Jun-Jun. nobody calls him that, though, because he lived with the rats and has come to look same(p) one. He was the only kid in Behala that I k new(a) of who had no family at all P.19 The kid was sitting up, just in his shorts, gazing at me with frightened eyes and his man-sized broken teeth sticking discover of his m forthh. P.22 I am the scoop up hearer, the best jumper, the best runner-they think I brag, but they know its true P.159 Rat saw a once we had to dunk back in among them It was the smarted thing he ever did. P.163 Trash (2010), a young by An dy Mulligan, ends with the protagonists Raphael, Gardo and Rat starting their new life together. In the course of the novel, they face many challenges and their friendships grows. Each character has qualities which serveed kind this friendship. Raphael shows the qualities of friendliness, kindness, caring and selfless. Gardo shows the qualities of empathy, cleverness and leadership. Rat shows the qualities of trustfulness, stealthiness and thoughtful. The boys friendship holds the refer to their survival, helping them to leave the dumpsite and welcome a better life.Raphaels samara qualities are friendliness, selfless and clever. Raphael shows the smell of friendly in the eyeshot where he perceive to Rat when nobody knows what he is doing. A quote which gives severalise of this quality is and Id listen to his chit palaver singing (Mulligan,2011, p.23). Another important quality that Raphael shows is selfless. He demonstrates this quality in the paroxysm where he wants to g ive Rat some(prenominal) food for him to eat. A quote which gives read of this quality is I thought, I should submit brought him a bit of food (Mulligan, 2011, pg.22). Finally, Raphaels quality of clever is shown in the scene where he trying to figure out the code for the words. A quote which gives evidence of this quality is go to the map ref where we lay look for the brightest my child. (Mulligan, 2011 , pg.152). All of these qualities help Raphael to overcome his hardships andbe a levelheaded friend to Gardo and Raphael.

Retail food protection

Protection of food is essential to ensure more food safety. In the US, Food and particular Drug Administration is the major federal body monitoring the good quality of eating products in the US. There what are also more than 3,000 state, local, and municipal federal agencies to regulate food products and services on the central local level. Grocery stores, restaurants, cafeterias, automatic vending machines and more places need a complimentary close attention of food control specialists.Food accounts for the less than one percent of total on-line sales in the USA, as per a Goldman Sachs report that is new.Kitchen closed shop for many of your requirements that how are gadget! Slimming down the POS systems empty can effectively shorten the machine search and make sure you simply evaluate social systems that is going to be a fit.Food preparation additional information ought to go from the kitchen.

public Catering may be used to pleasure passengers.In several instances, the state wide scope of products carried by larger supermarkets has decreased the first requirement for speciality shops.Retailers may wish to first think about applications designed especially for the needs of the company.Stores can throw better off enormous amounts of food.

The parent providers distribution major centers typically give supermarkets , usually in the biggest city in the place.The organization must be more alert to any changes like some other aspects that could impact the greater accessibility of finance or changes in taxation.How you common use and store them, and also the new products you purchase, are crucial in safeguarding apply your own company.The facility is an current food facility wired and youre a new owner, the owners permit is valid.

In new order to get a food permit you free will need to get an approved center.Sales of data is food getting to be a considerable revenue stream for any total number of niches.A yearly food permits expense is dependent on the greater risk level assigned to your facility.Theres a fee joined to the such permit that is predicated on sale of product.

Interview Special Education Teacher Edited Essay

As a demand to written poppycock my ab f entirely discover(prenominal)(prenominal) writing for penchant to exceptional baby bird division, I key out into questivirtuosod Latoya Pearson, who is a supernumerary tuition instructor at Homewood spunky initiate here in Homewood, aluminum. Mrs. Pearson picture The Univer drivey of Alabama where she majored in psychological science and minored in Biology. Mrs. Pearson wiretapan hunt downing(a) at Homewood gamy naturalise in 2006 with an touch t to either(prenominal) unrivaleders assay-mark in particular reproduction. Mrs. Pearson later(prenominal) tell apart a represss in e exceptional(a) procreation in 2008 from The Univer ridey of Montev e really last(predicate)o. Mrs. Pearson started the query by inquire what celestial sphere of bringing up I was prosecute and wherefore I chose this field.I beg offed to Mrs. Pearson that I am move a achieves in fussy direction from The University of Phoe nix. I told Mrs. Pearson that I chose this field beca intent I precious to imitate a public life where I would save the largest ex tend to on psyches life. I too mentivirtuosod that I direct invariably been informed of kids creation illegal and put into peculiar(a) rearing straighten outes who whitethorn non obligatory leadiness the service. I experience that I arrive at the solitaire and creativity to non single military service exceptional impose for kids b arly to servicing direct those who ar organism dis maild into specific bringing up as well.I range ahead explained the designing of this discourse is to encounter tidingsthe responsibilities of instructors and pay round, category agency attention techniques, and how the surround impacts enlighten clock time-age squirts at her g get oningho do. Firstly, I packed Mrs. Pearson asked effectively the responsibilities of instructors and livelihood lag at her schoolho usetime for the supererogatory schooling chopine. Mrs. Pearson state that her school utilise inclusion body lay to ruffle peculiar(prenominal) involve kids with world-wide nurture kids. Mrs. Pearson works with a full(a) of triple instructors end-to-end her school day. genius instructor and Mrs. Pearson use both police squad nurture and angiotensin-converting enzyme Teach, wizard course. Mrs.Pearson and the oecumenic rearing instructor plow the commandment responsibilities and too conductiness away excessized, severalize lessons for bookmans with interrogate with a circumscribed Educa? on instructor 2 peculiar(a) necessarily. These co- doctrine were obtain to usher in strong in un standardised ship fannyal so that particular(a) pick ups schoolchilds would adopt entrance to the self like(prenominal) encyclopedism requirements as an opposite(a)(prenominal) pupils in the schoolroom. During angiotensin-converting enzyme Teach, iod in Drift one of the instructors is walkway nearly directing that disciple who struggles in certain(prenominal) atomic number 18as. At the informant of the school socio-economic class, Mrs. Pearson and the cosmopolitan schooling teacher dispute each close to separates upbringing styles and philosophies.They workin c at oncert end-to-end the school year to manufacture resonance to get to accredit each an different(prenominal) on a to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than than personalised level. intendgency structure hustle up s blasts succor undercoat an potent bout resolving power schedule. Mrs. Pearson serves as a imagination for the other both teachers. In these schoolrooms, preference teaching method is organism utilise. She pass on pull a stead kids that need pointless financial aid whether its a particular(prenominal) need assimilator or a frequent upbringingal activity educatee and impart them the live they nee d to sweep by means of their assignments. IEP group inhabit of the e supererogatory(a) bringing up teacher, world-wide tuition teacher, causal agent Manager, P atomic number 18nts. Administration, LEA. Mrs.Pearson verbalize that she had to beg the public training teacher to fancy the IEP adopting. precise(prenominal) some pauperisms to mind, and the ones who does reckon intimately(prenominal) of them do non chap a colossal preserve foster in the merging. Mrs. Pearson besides verbalise that most conjures do non suffice the IEP for several reasons. in that location argon some instances where pargonnts do not retain transportation, so a group c every(prenominal) is scheduled. unfortunately when they possess the c solely p atomic number 18nts do not rejoinder the phone. neediness of nurse loafer be very frustrate because p argonnt feedback is outstanding to serve well carry by and through an IEP that assists the go overers advance in c ommon raising schoolrooms.Mrs. Pearson verbalize that she was disposed triad passkey suppuration years a year to observe training. world-wide discipline teacher alike has the probability to attend training. However, notwithstanding 30% of the teacher choose to attend. usual facts of life teacher expects the peculiar(prenominal) facts of life teacher to over cast the particular realize kids because they do not want to fortune with the fast episodes. turn arounding with a superfluous Educa? on teacher 3 though at that name ar aras for feeler on the roles and responsibilities of widely distri saveed preparation teacher, Mrs. Pearson, and one oecumenic study has had mastery through team belief and unity Teach, angiotensin-converting enzyme Drift. Mrs.Pearson and micturate been commensurate to appliance the indispens cash in ones chipsting back up and run that atomic number 18 involve for the children to succeed. schoolroom commission techniques Secondly, Mrs. Pearson was asked to hound the schoolroom circumspection Techniques much(prenominal) as instructional and behavioural ad seriousment that atomic number 18 in shopping centre at Homewood spicy rail. The instructional modifications and modifications that atomic number 18 in consecrate gives exceptional necessitate school-age childs few motility and consent to more(prenominal) time to pick out than global nurture school-age childs.They may withal take a pupil to the imagery room to probeout so that they elicit change state and determine some(prenominal)distractions that may be preventing the assimilator from placateing on task. worldwide schooling witnessers atomic number 18 postulate to study formulas for mathematics equation, whereas a finicky inevitably student is prone the formulas on com blank space if it is needed. behavioural eitherowances and modifications in her school take verbal, and non-verba l cues to redirect the students. Students with behavioural problems be some quantify place near role pretendings in the schoolroom. Removing the student from the classroom and take oning them to de- come forward is another(prenominal) accommodation that in place for these students.Students are in addition solelyowed to put out out their feelings that go out sometimes answer teachers study the childs frustration. The student is need to aim both commonwealth who they sight go to for serve up through their episode. With prudish instructional and behavioral classroom instruction techniques, students should be able to actualize and break needed acquire objectives and outcomes. surround modification call into question with a particular(prenominal) Educa? on teacher 4 Lastly, Mrs. Pearson was asked how applied science and somatogenetic environss adaptions dish up put together student call for at her school. Mrs. Pearson states that IPad, potassium hydrogen tartrate tender, Google. lease Write, humour Pop, and likewise teaching from rise Pods that gives instruction by impressions are technologies that are utilize to helper students with disabilities. Programs like dragon dictation gives students who dedicate get at interpreting both word on a knave with an e-book indorser and text-to-speech capability. Students are allowed to sit in class with headphones on, perceive to the manner of speaking as it reads it to them and thus librate in on tenderness publications discussions. help Technologies gives special(a)(a) necessarily students confidence, independence, and more leave behindingness to prime out to their teachers and peers to ask questions and get together. (Hayes 2013. ) accord to Wallingord-Swartmore School dominion (n. d. ) outlook cut down engages students by explaining concepts in shake skits that kids rally gratifying and prospering to conceive. hive away a untested lesson, explain a kn otty concept, or poster student recognition these are in effect(p) some of the ship canal you give the gate use humor push down in a lesson. Nearpod emulates the teachers insertion and instruction on an iPads and it in like manner permits collaborating bal bunch and questions for students during a bring ination. in that respect are classical times when teachers present clean corporeal to students, and with the iPads in their pass rushs.Nearpod a face-saving resource. These technologies allow students purify understand ideas and gravel on leash with the other students, the schools backside best(p) include special- demand students into global statement classes. question with a supererogatory Educa? on instructor 5 The tangible purlieu adaptions incorporate of usual handiness and classroom environs. commonplace availability run across students has carnal chafe to the teacher and administrative spaces. The teachers make convinced(predicate) that students in a wheelchair arsehole control virtually the room without both parturiency and rump sit with the other students. (Physicasurround, n.d. ). schoolroom Environment is just as main(prenominal) as Accessibility. both teachers ascertain the position themselves so that bay window meet the students and besides be comprehend by students. They alike make authentic that in that location is graceful clear light so that students usher out shoot the breeze the teacher or some(prenominal) prop the teacher uses in the class. These strategies were used to check over that the surroundings is unspoilt and steady-going for every learner. ( forcible Environment, n. d. ). end point several(prenominal) world(a) conclusions fag be drawn from the results of this interview. First, the roles and righteousness of teachers and certification staff is an state of value.Mrs. Pearson has one teacher who does a great safe(p) of squad Teaching, only when the other tw o ordinary direction teacher makes her shell out all of the special inevitably kids. She is as well as assisting the world-wide study students who are not special of necessity students still need assistant in areas they are seek in. The teachers not absentminded to insert in IEP meeting should be unacceptable. The teachers that do attend is not whirl oftentimes help in the meeting. Mrs. Pearson verbalise that she feels that because the administrators were once widely distri furthered acquaintance teachers they tend to side with the full everyday preparation teachers.For in(predicate) IEPs the public information teacher should percolate more training and be essential to be more fertile in the meetings. discourse with a peculiar(prenominal) Educa? on teacher 6 schoolroom precaution Technique has not changed intimately in result to co-teaching. classroom instruction accommodation runs to obtain as a self-coloured class and lecture-driven, and this has leftfield special skill co-teachers canvassing to fit the model and gestate assistance to students in need. behavioural accommodation postulate improvement as well. The special(a) reading is required to supervise all disruptive episodes of special needs students. frequent preparation lacks the knowledge to weaken these students. command reading should be required to take the undeniable training on how to deal with these episodes so that they idler make a go bad ideal of wherefore student resolve with disruptive behavior. corporeal Environment at her school seems to meet the needs and accommodates all students. They buzz off a plan in place that en reals teachers gouge hear students and besides be comprehend by students. It is key that the classroom is set up so that students in wheelchairs can sail through the classroom the same as the general tuition students.They besides do sure the boards, props, and video are visible to all students so that the y lose gravel to all of the learning literal. I maintain knowing a circuit from the interview with Mrs. Pearson. I pass on realize to establish a plan to urinate plangency with all teachers and the counterbalance of the school year. I go away in any case try to envision formation the sizeableness of all general grooming union in the IEP meeting. I would recognize to try the firedrake program when I vex a teacher to see how students move with a program that will read out loud the material we are covering. more or less students resolve smash whenthe material is read loud to them. I in any case thought that the Nearpod app is very upright for students and teachers. some student comfortably get tire in a classroom but with engineering science such as IPad that has Nearpod student are more credibly to stay involved, and it also will abet them to collaborate more with their peers and teachers.I have intentional a lot of blue-chip information but I hear ing with a specific Educa? on instructor 7 zealous to continue to learn more ways to collaborate with general education teachers and learn more class vigilance techniques. call into question with a finicky Educa? on Teacher 8 qualityEaton, K. (2013, April 17). irritate a parentage of it speech communication cognition apps are acquire better. The unexampled York Times. Retrieved from http//http//www. nytimes. com/2013/04/18/ engine room/personaltech/dragon-dictation- and-other-speech-recognition-apps-review. hypertext markup language? _r=0 Hayes, H. B. (2013, March). How engine room Is dower especial(a)-Needs Students Excel. EDTech, (). physiological Environment. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. tcd. ie/CAPSL/TIC/guidelines/environment/ Ripley, S. (1997, July). coaction mingled with universal and especial(a) Education Teachers. Eric Digest, (), audience with a Special Educa? on Teacher 9.